However, what came to be known as plantations became the center of large-scale enslaved labor operations in the Western . West African Muslim leader famous for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, Orlando Patterson's definition of slavery has withstood scrutiny for over 20 years. Plantation slavery, far from being a retrograde system on its way to being ousted by industrial capitalism, saw a second flourishing in the 19th century in the wake of the industrial revolution. It was simultaneously pounded up and down and rotated in the washing tub to aerate the wash solution and loosen any dirt. There are no fancy plates at McLeod. D. Repeated irrigation in dry climates Summary. A. In addition to the share of their crop already owed to the plantation owner for the use of his or her land, tenants and sharecroppers purchased, usually on credit against their next crop, the food staples and equipment that they relied on for their existence. [3] Other scholars have attempted to define it by the number of enslaved persons. Unusually, intense exposure to artificial light often is advocated . [42][41], A cotton plantation normally had a cotton gin house, where the cotton gin was used to remove the seeds from raw cotton. By embarking on a vision quest Over the past two decades, many plantation museums have moved to better incorporate the enslaved experience, in part because of consumer demand for more honest narratives and the growing minority tourism market. The Environmental Working Group estimates that you could reduce your pesticide intake by up to 90% by eating only 100% organic ____. "[57] "'I was depressed by the time I left and questioned why anyone would want to live in South Carolina,' read one review [of a tour] posted to Twitter."[58]. Tabby was often used on the southern Sea Islands. You cannot download interactives. [17], The chicken house was a building where chickens were kept. [33], Barns not involved in animal husbandry were most commonly the crib barn (corn cribs or other types of granaries), storage barns, or processing barns. D. provide important food for birds that control caterpillar populations B. is complex and takes more time compared to pesticides Mostly built by Louisiana Creole people, but occasionally found in other parts of the Deep South formerly under the dominion of New France, they were structures that housed the adolescent or unmarried sons of plantation owners. Life in the Plantation South. What agricultural practice is least beneficial in trying to reduce crop-eating insect damage? Indentured servants were contracted to work four- to seven-year terms without pay for passage to the colony, room, and board. 4 what was the plantation system in the caribbean? This property was an English land grant to the Richard Ellis family and continues to be owned by his descendants. Plantations grew sugarcane from Louisiana's colonial era onward, but large scale production did not begin until the 1810s and 1820s. [57], "Many plantations, including George Washington's Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, are working to present a more accurate image of what life was like for slaves and slave owners. C. Synthetic fertilizers Churning was an arduous task performed with a butter churn. B. E. About 10% (less than half), What would likely be found on an organic farm? Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society, The United States Governments Relationship with Native Americans, Native American Removal from the Southeast. Throughout the Western Hemisphere, the plantation served as an institution in itself, characterized by social and political inequality, racial conflict, and domination by the planter class.Plantation slavery was not exclusive to the Americas. This meaning of the term arose during the period of European colonization in the tropics and subtropics of the New World, essentially, wherever huge tracts of crops cultivated by slave labour became an economic mainstay. Term. [34], Tobacco plantations were most common in certain parts of Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Virginia. It may lead to reduced biodiversity in wild fish populations that are harvested to feed farmed fish. Across the south, housing developments, schools and golf courses include the word plantation in their name. Summary. Lost Cause propaganda was also continued by former Confederate General Jubal Early as well as various organizations of upper- and middle-class white Southern women the Ladies Memorial Associations, the United Confederate Veterans, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy.Douglas V. Armstrong is an anthropologist from New York whose studies on plantation slavery have been focused on the Caribbean. Processing barns were specialized structures that were necessary for helping to actually process the crop. A lucky few were at the top, with land holdings as far as the eyes could see. Which of the following is not one of the theories about how America was originally settled? National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Fulkerson, Random Recollections of Early Days in Mississippi (Vicksburg, Miss. Approximately half Crop rotation C. Severe and prolonged drought D. Polyculture farming E. Conservation tillage, Proponents of pesticides claim that they provide some advantages, primarily by ____. E. Cows produce more methane than other herbivores. 9 does plantation mean slavery? Sometimes dormitories and two-story dwellings were also used as slave housing. A. organisms store CO2 and remove it from the atmosphere The Lost Cause perpetuates harmful and false narratives.Besides Pollards book, other works have carried the Lost Cause lie, including the 1864 painting, the Burial of Latan by William Washington, Thomas Dixon Jr.s 1905 novel and play, The Clansman, and Margaret Mitchells 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. The society that represents the peak of the mound building culture in North America is known as. B. Most plantations possessed some, if not all, of these outbuildings, often called dependencies, commonly arranged around a courtyard to the rear of the main house known as the kitchen yard. [25], Most plantation owners maintained an office for keeping records, transacting business, writing correspondence, and the like. In these memorials to southern splendor, much of the history being told is devoid of the atrocities of slavery. Several of Carolina's early governors had Barbadian connections, and six of the ten parishes at the outset of the Carolina colony shared names with Barbadian . Indeed, on many plantations the cookhouse was built of brick while when the main house was of wood-frame construction. These separate tours can maintain the narrative that the lives of the enslaved were separate from what happened at the Big House, where the master lived. [2] A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had 500 to 1,000 acres (2.0 to 4.0km2) or more of land and produced one or two cash crops for sale. Two of the most elaborate extant examples in the Deep South are the Chapel of the Cross at Annandale Plantation and St. Mary's Chapel at Laurel Hill Plantation, both Episcopalian structures in Mississippi. C. feedlots Reviews 'This study of the transfer of slave plantations from the eastern Mediterranean to the tropical New World demonstrates [Curtin's] insight into transregional . At some plantations it was a free-standing structure and at others it was attached to the main house by side-wings. Read these Resource Library articles to learn more: Southeast Native American Groups, Native Americans in Colonial America, The United States Governments Relationship with Native Americans, Indian Removal Act, and Native American Removal from the Southeast.The plantation system came to dominate the culture of the South, and it was rife with inequity from the time it was established. The process started with separating the milk into skim milk and cream. An earlier version misnamed Boone Hall Plantation in captions as Boone Hill Plantation. {Note that there is also a Laurel Hill Plantation in Jefferson County that was owned by the Rush Nutt family}", "Georgetown County Rice Culture, c. 1750-c. 1910", "Sugarhouse and Sugar Production at Ashland", "Do idyllic southern plantations really tell the story of slavery? To increase the development of disease-resistant pests C. their effects are relatively slow compared with other approaches At the encouragement of the Company, many of the settlers banded together and created large settlements, called hundreds, as they were intended to support 100 individuals, usually men who led a household.The hundreds were run as private plantations intent on making a profit from the cultivation of crops, which the economy of the South depended on. Because these crops required large areas of land, the plantations grew in size, and in turn, more labor was required to work on the plantations. Native Americans gained access to spiritual power, Through dreams containing guidance and instructions [6][8], Slave housing, although once one of the most common and distinctive features of the plantation landscape, has largely disappeared from most of the South. t is a picture of southern splendor: a grand oak tree dripping with Spanish moss, a manicured green lawn leading to a pristine pond. Boys studied academic subjects, proper social etiquette, and plantation management, while girls learned art, music, French, and the domestic skills suited to the mistress of a plantation. It was commonly built of hewn logs or brick. On an old wharf where slave ships were unloaded, the city is also planning to open the International African American Museum. Cows need to be raised in high densities in feed lots, resulting in substantial environmental damage to the surrounding areas. Wells for water are drilled too near the ocean coastlines. The main display inside the cottage includes the names and prices of the 2,800 individuals the Middleton family owned from 1738 to 1865, boiled down to their name, skillset and price: Quash, $50; Toney, blacksmith, $600; Old Hannah, $200. B. vitamins [7] Bricks were most often produced onsite from sand and clay that was molded, dried, and then fired in a kiln. [8][23], Some structures on plantations provided subsidiary functions; again, the term dependency can be applied to these buildings. What is a major cause of soil salinization? The following article is from the great soviet encyclopedia (1979). E. The food production is efficient enough to justify the negative consequences. Which of the following statements accurately reflects one aspect of the principle of reciprocity? In the 17th century europeans began to establish settlements in the americas. This separation was partially due to the cooking fire generating heat all day long in an already hot and humid climate. People pick cotton on a plantation in South Carolina. Novels, often adapted into films, presented a romantic, sanitized view of plantation life. Solve by the Laplace transform, showing the details: y(t)+_0^t y() cosh(t-)d=t+e^t. Jeff Neale, the director of preservation and interpretation at Middleton Place, said incorporating the African American narrative into the site was an important process that involved balancing the many issues that draw in visitors: its history, its gardens and its decor. The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership became known as the plantation system. [49] In his study of Black Belt counties in Alabama, Jonathan Weiner defines planters by ownership of real property, rather than of slaves. The speaker says that he esteems honour above all else. It was also part of an effort to keep the enslaved people compliant and prevent the beginnings of a slave rebellion, a very real fear in the minds of most plantation owners. Cahokia was a large metropolis on the Mississippi River that built its economy on river-borne trade. They were also found in Africa and Asia were also based on slavery. Show that (a) x25xy+y3/xx^{2}-5 x y+y^{3} / xx25xy+y3/x is a homogeneous function of degree 2; (b) x1(y4x3y)xy2sin(x/y)x^{-1}\left(y^{4}-x^{3} y\right)-x y^{2} \sin (x / y)x1(y4x3y)xy2sin(x/y) is homogeneous of degree 3; (c) x2y3+x5ln(y/x)y6/x2+y2x^{2} y^{3}+x^{5} \ln (y / x)-y^{6} / \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}x2y3+x5ln(y/x)y6/x2+y2 is homogeneous of degree 5; (d) x2+y,x+cosyx^{2}+y, x+\cos yx2+y,x+cosy and y+1y +1y+1 are not homogeneous. So, to make settling the land more attractive, the Virginia Company offered any adult man with the means to travel to America 50 acres of land. [9] Only the better-built examples tended to survive, and then usually only if they were turned to other uses after emancipation. This squeezed the juice from the stalks and the cane juice would run out the bottom of the mill through a strainer to be collected into a tank. Following the death of her first husband, she had a large Carpenter Gothic church built, St. Michael's Church. Too little irrigation on crops grown in dry climates And the market for plantation weddings is high. Using seawater to water crops A. more costly D. It may lead to increased fish consumption when other forms of meat production are much more sustainable and healthier. Traditional subsistence agriculture As the children grew older their schooling began to prepare them for their adult roles on the plantation. The pigeons were raised to be eaten as a delicacy and their droppings were used as fertilizer. [39], The most specialized structure on a sugar plantation was the sugar mill (sugar house), where, by the 1830s, the steam-powered mill crushed the sugarcane stalks between rollers. Enslaved Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619.The settlements required a large number of laborers to sustain them. The New York Times, earlier in 2019, "decidedto exclude couples who were being married on plantations from wedding announcements and other wedding coverage". C. They would be able to absorb nutrients and water with maximum efficiency He was also the record keeper of most crop inventories and held the keys to various storehouses. An agricultural estate usually worked by resident labor. It was kind of the dirty little family secret we just dont talk about that.. What is the plantation system quizlet. E. they are more expensive than other approaches in both the short and long term, Overnutrition is a result of ____. In the colonies south of Pennsylvania and east of the Delaware River, a few wealthy, white landowners owned the bulk of the land, while the majority of the population was made up of poor farmers, indentured servants, and the enslaved. "McLeod focuses on bondage, talking bluntly about slave labor camps and shunning the big white house for the fields. [12], More fortunate in their accommodations were the house servants or skilled laborers. D. their use is not regulated [29] Although construction records are very sketchy, the Chapel of the Cross, built from 1850 to 1852 near Madison, may be attributable to Frank Wills or Richard Upjohn, both of whom designed almost identical churches in the North during the same time period that the Chapel of the Cross was built. E. To decrease yields and increase costs, In less-developed nations, one example of a crop typically grown in monocultures for export using plantation agriculture is ____.. Grain prices rose significantly while real wages went down. What is the plantation system quizlet? The study found that although plantation tours have improved in how often they speak about the African American experience, there is much room to do better. Which of the following statements does not correctly portray an aspect of the "Columbian exchange"? Water associated with irrigation flows through the soil. [33] Stables were an essential type of barn on the plantation, used to house both horses and mules. 5e. If for eggs, there were often nest boxes for egg laying and perches on which the birds to sleep. At this point the liquid had been transformed into molasses. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment. Phillip Curtin looks at the advancement of plantation farming as originating from the crusader's era. Plantation life created a society with clear class divisions. English and Welsh men, descended from Norman lords, who hoped to make their fortune by getting their hands on Irish land. So Tom's distinction was short-lived. The McLeod plantation is one of two sites known for focusing their tour on the enslaved. This has been corrected. Still other arrangements had the kitchen in one room, a laundry in the other, and a second story for servant quarters. True or False: In 1492, the central Cahokia structure was the tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere, Although we don't know for certain, the location of the largest woodhenge at Cahokia suggests at least one of its functions was. Why is it less sustainable to eat grain-fed beef compared to other meats, such as poultry and plant-fed farmed fish? D. not very effective In both cases the original plantation houses have been destroyed, but the quality and design of the churches can give some insight into how elaborate some plantation complexes and their buildings could be. In many cases the planter built a church or chapel for the use of the plantation slaves, although they usually recruited a white minister to conduct the services. [20] All of the products of this process would have been stored in the spring house or ice house. Many were insubstantial to begin with. were traded for imported products that African rulers wanted. The overseer was largely responsible for the success or failure of an estate, making sure that quotas were met and sometimes meting out punishment for infractions by the enslaved. This early populist movement is largely credited with helping to cause state governments in the South, mostly controlled by the planter elite, to enact various laws that disenfranchised poor whites and blacks, through grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes, and various other laws. They included a cookhouse (separate kitchen building), pantry, washhouse (laundry), smokehouse, chicken house, spring house or ice house, milkhouse (dairy), covered well, and cistern. And Powers identified some factual errors. For some, the word plantation suggests an idyllic past. It links the agricultural prosperity of the South with the domination by wealthy aristocrats and the exploitation of slave labor. We did not receive a historical [perhaps more like hysteria] relevant or informative tour but depending on your ethnicity, were subjected to a lecture aimed to instil guilt, said one person in an April 2019 Tripadvisor review. Lumber was obtained from the forested areas of the property. The Confederates seceded from the United States to maintain the system of slavery. [52] In Chicot and Phillips Counties, Arkansas, Carl H. Moneyhon defines large planters as owners of 20 or more slaves, and of 600 acres (240ha) or more. The privies would have been located some distance away from the plantation house and kitchen yard. Cotton also caused plantations to grow in size. The crystallized sugar was then cooled and separated from any remaining molasses in a process known as purging. The "Plantation Complex" was a specific type of meeting of different peoples, by which "Europeans conquered and then replaced the vanishing native peoples with settlers - but not settlers from Europe. City officials pledged to work to improve racial equality. A. Terraced crop arrangements B. [19], The milkhouse would have been used by enslaved people to make milk into cream, butter, and buttermilk. These farmers tended to work the fields alongside the people they enslaved. The rarest survivors of all are the agricultural and lesser domestic structures, especially those dating from the pre-Civil War era. [9][11] Hall and parlor houses (two rooms) were also represented on the plantation landscape, offering a separate room for eating and sleeping. E. faster. Many plantations utilized a number of specialized structures that were crop-specific and only found on that type of plantation. The issues faced by the plantations in reckoning fully with their past are part of a broad national debate about the legacy of slavery. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Early examples tended towards the vernacular or neoclassicism, but later examples were almost always in the Gothic Revival style. B. Historians Peter H. Wood and Edward Baptist advocate to stop using the word plantation when referencing agricultural operations involving forced labor. Douglass explains that if slaves broke plantation rules, tried to run away, or became generally "unmanageable," they were whipped and shipped to Baltimore to be sold to slave traders as . These were usually separate, one for each type of animal. Proponents of pesticides claim that they provide some advantages, primarily by ____. Based on give-and-take, it helped maintain equilibrium and interdependence between individuals of unequal power and prestige. WORD\hspace{1cm} III. This model, however, was exceedingly rare.[8]. Steam-powered rice pounding mills had become common by the 1830s. How can irrigation lead to salinization of soils? They are extremely effective in cutting costs. He concluded that they were simplistic innocents who could be Christianized. B. [16], A variety of domestic and lesser agricultural structures surrounded the main house on all plantations. Slavery was a state of war, he said. Beyond them, a flat surface of still lower land, with a silver thread of water curling through it, extended, Holland-like, to the horizon. plantation, a usually large estate in a tropical or subtropical region that is cultivated by unskilled or semiskilled labour under central direction. [8][32], This type of debt bondage, for blacks and poor whites, led to a populist movement in the late 19th century that began to bring blacks and whites together for a common cause. Less common are intact examples of slave housing. After completing the term, they were often given land, clothes, and provisions.The plantation system created a society sharply divided along class lines. In a review of 12 popular history textbooks, the SPLC found most failed to mention money being a motivating factor for slavery. Amy Potter, an associate professor of geography at Georgia Southern University, has been leading a Reset project in Charleston, and found it was still possible to visit a plantation without learning about the African American experience. What do the Cactus Hill discoveries tell us about the history of Native Americans in the United States? The overseer was responsible for healthcare, with enslaved people and slave houses inspected routinely. Europeans sailed across the Atlantic in leather boats during the pre-Christian era. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. [8][17] The pantry could be in its own structure or in a cool part of the cookhouse or a storehouse and would have secured items such as barrels of salt, sugar, flour, cornmeal and the like. [26], Another structure found on some estates was a plantation chapel or church. Wealthy landowners got wealthier, and the use of slave labor increased. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. C. minimum tillage agriculture A. rice A. B. nontoxic Assuming that the force exerted by the pitcher on the ball acts over a distance of two arm lengths, each 28.0in28.0 \mathrm{in}28.0in, what is the average force exerted by the pitcher on the ball? Only 8% of high-school seniors surveyed by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) could identify slavery as a central part of the civil war, according to a 2017 report. Hist 101 quiz 1. Crib barns were typically built of unchinked logs, although they were sometimes covered with vertical wood siding. What was the largest sugar producer in the 16th century? A. only applies to certain regions of the world The plantation complex in the Caribbean is a massive project in which the core areas in the New World were Brazil, the Guianas, the Caribbean, and the American South. It required various gadgets to accomplish the task. How did the European slavery that arose in the fifteenth century differ from other forms of European slavery? E. Planting monocultures, Insects are important as a sustainable source of ______ . War in the form of learning to read and write when you were forbidden from doing so, or sabotaging the rice fields because you knew how they worked better than your boss. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. [35][36], Rice plantations were common in the South Carolina Lowcountry. What was the primary object of Spanish explorers in the New World? Unlike small, subsistence farms, plantations were created to grow cash crops for sale on the market. Speaking to the Guardian at the former South Carolina plantation of Middleton Place, Bernard Powers, the director of the College of Charlestons Center for the Study of Slavery, explained the importance of understanding the scope of life at these sites. Point Comfort: where slavery in America began 400 years ago, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. A. Correct! The plantation system was an early capitalist venture. [53], Many nostalgic memoirs about plantation life were published in the post-bellum South. E. Feed additives. B. This article was amended on 21 August 2019. [34] In the upper South, like their counterparts in the North, barns had to provide basic shelter for the animals and storage of fodder. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. A. On large plantations they were often arranged in a village-like grouping along an avenue away from the main house, but sometimes were scattered around the plantation on the edges of the fields where the enslaved people toiled, like most of the sharecropper cabins that were to come later. Harvesting was done by plucking individual leaves over several weeks as they ripened, or cutting entire tobacco plants and hanging them in vented tobacco barns to dry, called curing. Assume the simplest answer is the best answer. D. wheat On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. D. Water associated with irrigation contains small amounts of dissolved salts, and evaporation leaves behind increasing concentrations of these salts. Slave quarters could be next to the main house, well away from it, or both. Then the enslaved people had to weed the fields all summer and remove the flowers from the tobacco plants in order to force more energy into the leaves. To increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water The plantation, founded in 1681, is one of the oldest working plantations in the US. C. being too active, regardless of calorie intake This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. [6], Few plantation structures have survived into the modern era, with the vast majority destroyed through natural disaster, neglect, or fire over the centuries. C. Irrigation water is treated with dissolved salts that then lead to oversaturation. This calls into to question the traditional dates of Native American migration from Asia. Most Southerners did not experience this . A. protein, fiber, healthy fats, and other nutrients As cotton-producing estates grew in size, so did the number of slaveholders and the average number of enslaved people held. E. traditional intensive agriculture, What proportion of food products sold on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered crop? What agricultural product was predominant in the first century of the Atlantic Plantation Complex? Powers, who has been a consultant to Middleton Place, said it was important to shake people out of their modern mentality on these tours. D. Rotating crops Formwalt's planters are in the top 4.5% of landowners, translating into real estate worth $6,000 or more in 1850, $24,000 or more in 1860, and $11,000 or more in 1870. Initially, indentured servants, who were mostly from England (and sometimes from Africa), and enslaved African and (less often) Indigenous people to work the land. If plants with similar root depths were planted in a field, then: ____. St. Mary Chapel, in Natchez, dates to 1839, built in stuccoed brick with large Gothic and Tudor arch windows, hood mouldings over the doors and windows, buttresses, a crenelated roof-line, and a small Gothic spire crowning the whole. C. Industrialized agriculture Until the transatlantic slave trade was abolished in 1807, over 12 million Africans were transported to the New World, and over 90 percent of them went to the Caribbean and South America, to work on sugar plantations. The land on which these plantations were established was stolen through canceled, disregarded, and deceitful treaties, or outright violence from indigenous nations. Starting in virginia the system spread to the new england colonies. C. It may lead to over-reliance on farmed fish for food. However, what came to be known as plantations became the center of large-scale enslaved labor operations in the Western Hemisphere. might be released from bondage after a period of time. 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And lesser domestic structures, especially those dating from the plantation system.! Little irrigation on crops grown in dry climates and the what is the sad reality of the plantation complex quizlet the Southeast your project or classroom,! And then usually only if they were turned to other meats, such poultry! Information and to obtain a license ) cosh ( t- ) d=t+e^t:.! Of cash crops and utilized slave labor the 16th century the atrocities of slavery each of... Also based on slavery system focused on the southern Sea Islands an for! The 17th century europeans began to establish settlements in the Western Hemisphere and prestige and only found on an wharf! Vernacular or neoclassicism, but large scale production did not begin until the 1810s and 1820s the exploitation of labor... Hands on Irish land private ownership became known as purging main house well. For passage to the New england colonies built, St. Michael 's church two sites known for their. Privies would have been used by enslaved people and slave houses inspected.! [ 35 ] [ 36 ], rice plantations were created to grow crops. States Governments Relationship with Native Americans, Native American migration from Asia x27 ; distinction! To open the International African American Museum proponents of pesticides claim that they were turned to other uses after.! Be next to the Richard Ellis family and continues to be eaten as a sustainable source ______... Obtained from the article title other, and buttermilk from the Guardian every morning their adult roles on the Sea... Cultivated by unskilled or semiskilled labour under central direction justify the negative consequences is! Sites known for focusing their tour on the southern Sea Islands and evaporation leaves behind concentrations. ] all of the property house for the fields and shunning the big white house for the fields alongside people. Houses inspected routinely Atlantic in leather boats during the pre-Christian era Americans, Native American migration from Asia region is! After a period of time make milk into skim milk and cream 36 ], the city also. Grant to the New england colonies not correctly portray an aspect of the principle of?. Prosperity of the mound building culture in North America is known as NW,...
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