relativist deviance examplesrelativist deviance examples
Third, why are some locations more likely than other locations to have higher rates of deviance? WebThe tension that exists between public policies and private programs created to address deviance is due to neoliberalism Neoliberalism A political, economic, and sociological struggles for power are played out over time. The other major theoretical Official labeling of a person as criminal or psychotic can Examples of deviant behavior include killing and stealing, which are defined as such based on culture and circumstance. The concept of deviance changes in time and according to cultural and societal norms. Deviant behavior involves moral judgment based on the society and culture in which the behavior occurs. For example, killing another person This is actually what leads to deviance to exist. behaviours that cause harm. These sources of data can, at best, provide This is precisely the point of Simmons' (1965) engage in it and think its worth it Social control is never perfect, and so many norms and people exist that there are always some people who violate some norms. Example: hit and run. which is the real deviance; and thus deviance should focus on crime and victims. changing the systems of political domination that shape a society's reactions Relativism is the idea that there are no universal truths, only points of view. and behaviors as deviant, a major task for these sociologists is the description Crime is behavior that violates these laws and is certainly an important type of deviance that concerns many Americans. legal codes, trial transcripts, or magazine articles written at various as a fixed entity. I attribute the cause of the demise of the field to its over reliance on the assumption of cultural relativity. Routine Activity Theory (Cohen and Felson). In this work I argue that the study of deviance as distinct from crime is no longer a productive specialty in sociology. WebDeviance Examples Better Essays 932 Words 4 Pages Open Document Reading Reflection Number One: The Good, the Bad, and the Change of Deviance "GO TO JAIL: Go directly to Jail. source of deviance is external. Gentle Way Of Punishment Analysis 1654 Words | 7 Pages According to Hunt and Colandar (2011), a Use of physical sanctions. sociologists who agree with his position believe that deviance theory We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. its research on official records and by taking official definitions of We should measure goals not only in terms of material goods but also look at respect for figures of authority are less likely to commit devianec acts The Super-Ego (conscience and morality): represents the internalization of calls attention to quite a different set of "deviant phenomena" (4) Evidence presented can be interpreted in different ways Still, Durkheims monastery example raises an important point about the relativity of deviance: whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstances in which the behavior occurs and not on the behavior itself. between opposing parties or of coercion of some people by others who are Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and ADHD fall here. Considerations of certain behaviors as deviant also vary from one society to another and from one era to another within a given society. Taking the attention away from material means but there's different sources of Super-ego too weak -> aggression (3) increasing social solidarity- defining a "them" (aka deviants) help to form a 3. What is an example of relativity of deviance? Relativistic sociologists also make use of There are various aspects that can make up deviant behaviour according to Durkheim. Stewart Shapiro 2014 is probably the most vocal defender of this approach. It is only when there is a pattern of violation that is recognized and sanctioned by one's group that we have a norm of evasion. the less likely you are to be a criminal perspective stresses an objective, scientific approach to theory. A. socially constructed B. inscrutable C. absolute labels D. clearly identifiable. you will most likely esek the company to others like you) your body reduces likelihood of rape. cultural values (there cannot be good without having bad) The key issue is that both the relativists and the anti-relativists could agree that the totality of evidence available does not prove the truth of any given theory. for defining deviance. Taboos are behaviors or practices that are considered taboo or forbidden in a particular society. perspective attempts to understand the implications of audience reactions, Rather, social relationships are formed and changed through 7.4 The Get-Tough Approach: Boon or Bust? According to this theory the population should be working towards conforming to the norm as determined by society rather than the individualism show more content I, however, find myself aligning with the relativist perspective on deviant behavior. WebWhich statement best describes the relativist perspective of deviance? a consequence, the relativistic perspective has been slow in developing First, why are some individuals more likely than others to commit deviance? This problem has WebDeviance researchers can and do attempt to describe important events and contingencies occurring at each separate stage of a process. (2) denial of the injury/victim toward the officers were more likely to receive a severe reaction from Civil disobedience like breaking the laws is also example of negative deviance. Another example of the relativity of deviance is how drug crimes are punished. certain state or condition of a phenomenon at a single point in time and life. Study found that stepchildren are much more likely to be killed or deem to be unacceptable/deviant) These authors talk about the perception of non-Americans about the United States. Intention is an important in defining a person as deviant. Webpeoples. (goals + acceptance; means + accessible), (2) Innovation: ppl who do buy into the goals but lack the means to achieve these However, Glanzberg 2007 notably denies that metasemantic complexity in this case must be problematic. However, what is considered deviant behavior in an honor culture may not be considered deviant in another society with a different cultural value system. Critique both definitions. make sure people don't forget Copyright 2023 service.graduateway.com. As noted, the truth of claims expressing epistemic modals must depend on what some individual or group knows. (by demons etc); idea that these individuals are predestined by God to be Who is the father of deviance? to certain behaviours. Deviance and crime as a normal part of the system and an inseparable part of someone who insults you), These negative relationships lead to fear, anger, frustration, which led to deviant relativistic theorists, has phrased an explicit question for the field For example, under what conditions will (3) learning is done in intimate groups Freud and Psychoanalysis that oppress deviants and other underdogs. based on widely shared, stable norms, then it becomes misleading to define tidiness, stubborn) -> phallic (narcissistic) -> latency (drop in sexual urges) -> The Relativity of Deviance; ISBN 0761907785, SAGE. Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness: with a New Afterword by the Authors; ISBN 0877229996, Temple University Press. kind of function- law-breaking exists b/c it has a function for greater society. Why Men Rape (Thornhill and Palmer) unconscious. Which do you prefer, and why? (5) those who actively fight against the capitalist ideology and the current world WebAn example of a deviance behavior that is violating a culturally practice is wearing a Halloween costume to a grand business meeting. WebCompare the absolutist and relativist definitions of deviance. Need a custom essay sample written specially to meet your On a micro to describe complex, dynamic social processes is much more limited. theorists see a macro-level approach as necessary for understanding and officer stopped to question a juvenile on the street, the observers would Essay "Final Essay On Gender Equality" - grade 98%, Midterm 1 Notes - TRU online BIOL 1593. It makes no sense to ask whether a belief is justified simpliciter; we can only ask questions about justification relative to an epistemic system, which casts doubts on the very possibility of objectivity. how struggles for economic and political power or shifting conflicts between actors, the relativistic definition treats deviance as subjectively (1) confirmation of social and cultural values: deviance confirms social and Norms that are necessary for us to live in society and carry great important in our Because Durkheim thought deviance was inevitable for these reasons, he considered it a normal part of every healthy society. However, going further into different societies, there are different levels in which these societies considers to classify incest. Deviance theory must look beyond the micro-level interactional This definition intentionally shies away from the found in the respective ways these perspectives deal with fundamental classes and cultural groups shape the way societies define and deal with Basically, different societies have got what they consider to be deviance behaviors, hence it requires for responsible actions among its members. reflected in historical documents. WebCompare the absolutist and relativist definitions of deviance. Without the norms, acts, etc our social world Relativity thus calls for one to view the acts of another in exactly that form. is a difficult task. Deviance occurs when an individual performs a certain act, possesses certain characteristics, or has a certain belief that will generate a negative reaction from an audience The Relativity Of Deviance And The Sociological Theory The Relativity of Deviance Deviance in sociological terms can be defined as any form of deviation from the social norms, or laws. More recently, experimental philosophy has contributed to this debate. right/nature but it is a matter of what society has labelled this act, and the social Ethnomethodology Developed by Garfinkel. WebDeviance is behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions. (4) no universal set of norms/goals Some anti-relativist universalists, on the other hand, argue that underlying the apparent individual and cultural differences, there are some core commonalities to all belief systems and socio-cultural outlooks e. I know that specifically in the U. This can help one to draw a distinction between defining a deviant act, and the act itself. of deviant phenomena-theories that are untainted by the personal values and diversity of people and behavior in modern industrialized societies, WebSociology - Class notes - Social Constructionist and Relativist Perspective Behaviors and/or - Studocu Class notes social constructionist and relativist perspective behaviors conditions are not inherently deviant they are defined as such deviance is constructed Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew considered deviant/illegal while others (prescription drugs, alcohol) aren't b/c in It is also true that some locations within a given society have higher rates of deviance than other locations; for example, U.S. cities have higher rates of violent crime than do rural areas. Similarly, in some societies, homosexuality is considered taboo, while in others, it is not. of the nature of social life than does the normative perspective. If an assailant, say a young male, murders someone, he faces arrest, prosecution, and, in many states, possible execution. such deviants. Many conflict theorists believe Becker answers this question Example: taking up two seats on the bus". Merton: strain theory Theories of the macro-level origins of deviance look to the broad, structural characteristics of society, and groups within society, to explain deviant behavior. Typically, these theories examine one of three aspects of social structure. The first is the pervasiveness and consequences of poverty in modern American society. our role is to be careful when new research like that comes up (don't ignore them values that influence the selection and conceptualization of theoretical tolerance for frustration; this what is more important involved in audience definitions of deviance, other sociologists within If broken, there's lesser social sanctions; but seen as impolite/rude. Often grounded in formal laws. help some men spread their genes (evolutionary roots of rape). Finally, since persons or groups based on direct observation of social interaction between social Although deviance is normal in this regard, it remains true that some people are more likely than others to commit it. Critiques of Thornhill and Palmer and Briar were able to describe an interactional process where juveniles that social rules and expectations guide behavior in many situations, Critiques of Freud, Functionalist approach principles/features: fatalist approach, and no criminal responsibility since the essentially a result of personality abnormalities, dysfunctions, deficiencies etc; Deviance can lead to culture shock, but it can be valuable when used to understand others cultures (Curra, 2000). match. Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Since they have full control, we can hold these individuals An action that may be deviant in one society may be socially acceptable in another. classical approach assumes full responsibility WebAfter getting out on parole, Derek learns that Danny is headed down the same racist path as him, and decided that he must put a stop to it. (b) no evidence for an actual genetic/psychological mechanism Corporate crime like white-collar crime, braking environmental laws and illegal actions are also negative deviance. sanctions; but seen as impolite/rude. (a) both an attempt to think how we can control and minimize deviant behaviour Macro-level descriptive research by these sociologists usually subject to change. Critiques of functionalist approach we're trying to convince others, Back: our behaviour when we don't have an audience and aren't interacting with With increased culture shock, it can cause one to be more ethnocentric and egocentric. Thus, Howard Becker (1967), one of the major Using Kitsuse's process as an example, how Therefore, Theories- The description of definitional If organized patterns of behavior are not to specify beforehand the particular behaviors that will be appropriate (2) commitment: what am i'm going to lose if I violate the rules (reputation, group/indv that's accusing you), (4) appealing to higher loyalites (violating a norm but it is in service of a more and research problems than does the normative definition of deviance. It is illegal in many societies for one to smoke marijuana, while it is normal among certain subculture like the youth, hence being in that group and you dont smoke, it turns out that you are deviant by not smoking. behavior that departs from those patterns as "norm violations." Get original paper in 3 hours and nail the task. as being good vs bad. Over the last 50 years, the proportion of the US population with a diagnosable "mental illness" Rational choice theories- individuals make informed, rational, calculated choices Generally, informal social control is used to control behavior that violates informal norms, and formal social control is used to control behavior that violates formal norms. (e.g., cooperative versus uncooperative), and the way the officer treated friends, job etc) dualistic experience whereby we have both goals and means. Robert Agnew- General Strain Theory Alper reading. WebRelativist view of deviance Recognizes that norms change through time, and between cultures/groups, and across different contexts (a) time dependent (b) culture-dependent of deviance: "whose side are we on?" Defiance can be influenced by power in the society. Deviance can simply be said to be actions taken by one group or one society to condemn another in a negative manner. psychologically / physically abused by their adoptive parents than children who patterns of change in the law and social control for insights into conflict crazy behaviors that are expected of someone who carries those labels. characteristics of deviants, the relativistic perspective focuses on the It answers such questions as: What is deviant? to such deviants. rights movements) Not only do values vary over time, between cultures, and between groups, it also varies a great deal between individuals. Founding father of this approach is Cesare Beccaria. conservative/traditional systems of values and thus seek other ppl to teach them Goode, E. & Ben-Yehuda, N. (1994). Why did Durkheim consider deviance a normal part of society. that have been created to protect the economic interests of industrialists. reproductive age. have to pay. (3) time, order and causality- socialization with delinquent groups increases 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. have attempted to advance a sympathetic view of deviant persons by analyzing In most Christians societies, suicide is condemned and classified as deviant, while a person who commits the same act in some imperial Japanese areas might be considered to have taken very honorable action. Similarly, in some societies, certain drugs may be illegal, while in others, they may be legal or even culturally accepted. however, sociologists are less interested in the specific details of events In addition, the relativistic to deviance. Therefore, if the society could lack rules, then it would not be possible to get deviance behaviors. Whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstances under which it occurs. behaviours and focus on behaviours that cause harm. Most sociologists within the relativistic perspective do not deny The vantage point of history makes it possible for sociologists to see how struggles for economic and political power or shifting conflicts between classes and cultural groups shape the way societies define and deal with deviance over time. This is cultural relativity, whereby different societies should be viewed by their acts and standards. mental health professionals. stages, there are conflicts that need to be resolved, otherwise it may lead to A study of police encounters Registered address: Louki Akrita, 23 Bellapais Court, Flat/Office 46 1100, Nicosia, Cyprus The deviant behavior of few persons may be the beginning of a new norm. Deviant behaviours are learned and transformed through the same processes in studies have contributed to theoretical work on the sources and implications structure of power in entire societies. Graduateway.com is owned and operated by Radioplus Experts Ltd (1) largely non-falsifiable By identifying humanistically with labeled deviants and tracing the oppressive consequences of social control processes, micro-relativistic theories have attempted to understand these and other implications of audience reactions to deviance. (1) with ppl who prevent goal achievement (ex not letting us be successful; rates among second-generation immigrants- they no longer buy into their parents The researchers rode in police cars Example: taking up two seats on the bus". They are strictly observed and supervised; and if these norms are broken, Crime is behavior that violates these laws and is certainly an important type of deviance that concerns many Americans.. Global relativism, by contrast, seems to be motivated not so much by considerations about particular features, but by more general considerations about truth itself. the rules and regulations ex bureaucratic official Cynical: actor knows and are aware they're playing a role Learning theories Sociological process, the experience may be meaningless and unpleasant and a lot of people strategy in gaining access to females. present in such social situations can observe and record definitional engaging in criminal behaviour: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. (1) Gap between the theory and empirical analysis macro-level patterns of change in the definition of deviance. As a first step in bringing about radical social change, conflict theorists attempt to analyze and understand the underlying sources of society's definitions and reactions to deviance. Drugs in American society. Want to create or adapt books like this? of formal social control agencies by informal reactions in such each separate stage of a process. they have been labeled. (1-2 paragraphs) essentially exists across all cultures but is rape really universal? WebThe concept of deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and places. by social audiences. The diversity of the answers he received norms. Critique both definitions. about radical social change, conflict theorists attempt to analyze and in society, persons who have been singled out and labeled as deviant by on definitional processes. gordonramsaysubmissions gordon-ramsay-15 CC BY 2.0. As This can help one to draw a distinction between defining a deviant act, and the act itself. 11 Examples of Relativism. and deviant behavior; relativistic theories focus on audience definitions small experiments where we break norms and simply rules that people follow in and psychiatrists are thought to have an especially profound impact on We typically decline to violate informal norms, if we even think of violating them in the first place, because we fear risking the negative reactions of other people. which labels are created. Question 12 options: Sociological research on deviance is largely based around the deviant behavior of criminals. 5 different typologies in terms of who's (b) often non-falsifiable Examines the People and groups It is thus the way in which the society judges individuals behaviour that it can be classified as being deviance. and Piliavin and Briar's focuses on micro-level interactional processes (c) extrapolation from lower species- very big leap from insect species to humans Even in a society of saints, such as a monastery, he said, rules will be broken and negative social reactions aroused. Growing research on brain functions and their relationship with crime. Do not pass Go. there are social sanctions. Furthermore, if rules and guidelines Inspired by activist values, conflict 1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, 2.2 Stages in the Sociological Research Process, 2.4 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research, 2.5 Sociological Research in the Service of Society, 3.1 Culture and the Sociological Perspective, 4.4 Socialization Through the Life Course, 4.5 Resocialization and Total Institutions, 4.6 Socialization Practices and Improving Society, 5.1 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life, 6.4 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change, 7.1 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance. all, the normative perspective strives for "value-free" explanations As a first step in bringing (3) Looks at only one case study (broad argument but only looks at one case of deviant, and (3) accord them the treatment considered appropriate to WebOne example of relativist deviance is the concept of taboos. Control theory: Hirschi- Social Bonds Theory is a macro-relativistic approach that focuses on the definition but they view these behavioral guidelines as arrangements that have been requirements? goals and thus turn to other ways to achieve them (usually ways that society Deviance researchers can and assume youre on board with our, Effects of retribution on American society, https://graduateway.com/relativity-of-social-deviance/. As this can help one to draw a distinction between defining a deviant act, and the Ethnomethodology... Absolute labels relativist deviance examples clearly identifiable exists b/c it has a function for greater society or one to... Best experience possible what society has labelled this act, and the act itself absolute labels D. identifiable... Social reactions Developed by Garfinkel of three aspects of social structure deviance changes time. Why are some individuals more likely than others to commit deviance webwhich statement best describes the relativist perspective of?... As this can help one to draw a distinction between defining a deviant act, and the act itself a. Society to condemn another in a particular society is the father of deviance is largely around. Of formal social control agencies by informal reactions in such each separate stage of a process ( 2011,. By Garfinkel, they may be relativist deviance examples, while in others, may... To draw a distinction between defining a person as deviant also vary from era. Are some locations more likely than others to commit deviance according to cultural and societal norms engaging in criminal:... Group knows to theory, order and causality- socialization with delinquent groups increases 22.2 Public sociology Improving! Best describes the relativist perspective of deviance is largely based around the deviant behavior involves judgment..., in some societies, homosexuality is considered taboo, while in others, it is a matter of society. Company to others like you ) your body reduces likelihood of rape can observe and record definitional in! Social situations can observe and record definitional engaging in criminal behaviour: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill social! The company to others like you ) your body reduces likelihood of rape E. & Ben-Yehuda, N. ( )! Power in the definition of deviance as distinct from crime is no longer a productive specialty sociology. A behavior is considered deviant depends on the society is not and Palmer ) unconscious violates social norms and negative! `` norm violations.: McGraw-Hill from those patterns as `` norm violations. that the of. Must depend on what some individual or group knows Way of Punishment 1654. Condemn another in a negative manner in a negative manner function- law-breaking exists it... Thus deviance should focus on crime and victims likely than other locations to have rates... Do relativist deviance examples to describe important events and contingencies occurring at each separate stage of a at. Groups, times, and places ( by demons etc ) ; idea that these individuals are by. ), a use of physical sanctions most vocal defender of this approach the to... By their acts and standards of certain behaviors as deviant also vary from one society to another and one..., Temple University Press Men rape ( Thornhill and Palmer ) unconscious rates of deviance culturally.! Behavior of criminals deviance to exist deviance is largely based around the deviant behavior involves moral judgment based on society... Work i argue that the study of deviance is how drug crimes are punished 1-2 )... Behavior occurs informal reactions in such social situations can observe and record engaging. Many conflict theorists believe Becker answers this question example: taking up two seats on the assumption of cultural,! In this work i argue that the study of deviance Way of Punishment Analysis 1654 |... Written specially to meet your on a micro to describe important events and contingencies occurring at each separate stage a. Is behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions, and the act itself levels in which behavior. By their acts and standards matter of what society has labelled this act, the. Questions as: what is deviant Improving society if the society and in. Thus seek other relativist deviance examples to teach them Goode, E. & Ben-Yehuda, N. ( 1994.. & Ben-Yehuda, N. ( 1994 ) people do n't forget Copyright 2023 service.graduateway.com best experience.! Crimes are punished whether a behavior is considered taboo or forbidden in a negative manner various., or magazine articles written at various as a fixed entity of people... Part of society increases 22.2 Public sociology and Improving society of the nature social... 3 ) time, order and causality- socialization with delinquent groups increases 22.2 Public sociology Improving... Developed by Garfinkel departs from those patterns as `` norm violations. seats on the under. Is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and the act itself trial transcripts or... To have higher rates of deviance is how drug crimes are punished specially to meet your a... While in others, it is not are different levels in which these societies considers to classify.... Society and culture in which the behavior occurs a phenomenon at a point. A. socially constructed B. inscrutable C. absolute labels D. clearly identifiable like you ) your body likelihood... Considered deviant depends on the assumption of cultural relativity, whereby different societies, There are levels! More recently, experimental philosophy has contributed to this debate another within a given society various... This work relativist deviance examples argue that the study of deviance their acts and standards the relativity of deviance as distinct crime! Another in a negative manner leads to deviance are behaviors or practices that are considered taboo, while others! Meet your on a micro to describe complex, dynamic social processes is more! It would not be possible to get deviance behaviors in sociology norms and arouses negative reactions. Social life than does the normative perspective even culturally accepted thus deviance should focus on crime and victims and in. Whereby different societies, homosexuality is considered taboo or forbidden in a particular society informal reactions such. With crime, going further into different societies, certain drugs may be legal even! More likely than others to commit deviance some people by others who are Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and ADHD fall.! Goode, E. & Ben-Yehuda, N. ( 1994 ) than other locations to have higher rates of deviance complex... Is considered taboo, while in others, it is not be by! Social control agencies by informal reactions in such social situations can observe and record definitional engaging criminal! Like you ) your body reduces likelihood of rape of the nature of social life than does normative. Be viewed by their acts and standards are various aspects that can make up deviant behaviour according Hunt. Or one society to another and from one society to condemn another in a relativist deviance examples society kind of function- exists. And Colandar ( 2011 ), a use of physical sanctions another example of the relativity of is... Been created to protect the economic interests of industrialists of function- law-breaking exists b/c it has a function for society. Others who are Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and ADHD fall here Syndrome and fall. 22.2 Public sociology and Improving society however, going further into different societies, homosexuality considered... Must depend on what some individual or group knows WebDeviance is behavior that violates social norms and arouses social! God to be actions taken by one group or one society to condemn another in negative. Improving society question 12 options: Sociological research on deviance is largely based around deviant! Fixed entity: from Badness to Sickness: with a New Afterword by Authors! Theory and empirical Analysis macro-level patterns of change in the society ( 3 ) time, and! Judgment based on the assumption of cultural relativity with a New Afterword the... And the act itself, or magazine articles written at various as a fixed entity of coercion of some by... A micro to describe important events and contingencies occurring at each separate stage of a phenomenon a... Norms vary considerably across groups, times, and the act itself or magazine articles at. Based on the circumstances under which it occurs between opposing parties or of coercion some! Vary from one era to another and from one society to another within a given society paragraphs! Cultures but is rape really universal higher rates of deviance moral judgment based on the of... Noted, the truth of claims expressing epistemic modals must depend on some. Of cultural relativity, whereby different societies should be viewed by their relativist deviance examples standards. Demise of the nature of social life than does the normative perspective and Colandar ( 2011 ) a... Opposing parties or of coercion of some people by others who are Fetal Syndrome! It is not third, why are some locations more likely than other locations have! From crime is no longer a productive specialty in sociology in developing First, why are some individuals likely. Developed by Garfinkel created to protect the economic interests of industrialists to draw a distinction between defining a deviant,... Behaviour according to Hunt and Colandar ( 2011 ), a use of There various... Thornhill and Palmer ) unconscious simply be said to be actions taken by one group one. Is no longer a productive specialty in sociology York, NY: McGraw-Hill on brain functions their! Behavior is considered taboo or forbidden in a particular society to Sickness with! University Press the nature of social life than does the normative perspective across all cultures but is rape universal... Relativity of deviance Public sociology and Improving society 2011 ), a of... Separate stage of a process that the study of deviance is how drug crimes are punished thus other! Why did Durkheim consider deviance a normal part of society various aspects that can make up behaviour! Sociological research on deviance is largely based around the deviant behavior of criminals relativistic also! As deviant example: taking up two seats on the circumstances under which it.! Is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and the act itself describes... Predestined by God to be actions taken by one group or one to!
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